Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a glimpse into a variety of next-generation technologies, like driver assist, automated parallel parking, and central entertainment interfaces that can double as video game consoles. And while these innovations represent a new era for the automobile industry, perhaps the biggest contribution to the energy transition from EVs will not be what they can do for the driver, but what they can do for the grid.
The potential for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications for EVs is immense. While residential and utility-scale batteries will play an important role in future energy systems, many experts predict that, if implemented effectively, EVs as grid assets could operate at a scale that eclipses the current and projected stationary storage market.
Unlocking the services that EVs can play on electricity participate in requires bi-directional charging – a device which can pull from both the grid and distributed energy resources like residential solar-plus-storage to charge the car, and can also send the car’s electricity back to the grid in instances of need.
The tech behind V2G
While bidirectional charging technology already exists, it does so in three forms and, as The Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) explores in its new report; Paving the Way, Vehicle-to-Grid Standards for Electric Vehicles, the authors review the current status of V2G standards and identify gaps that need to be addressed to unlock the full capabilities of V2G-enabled equipment.
To understand the potential and specific standardization needs across the V2G space, we need to first understand the three inverter configurations currently possible with EVs and their smart, bidirectional chargers.
- V2G-DC: In this direct current (DC) configuration, power conversion and smart functions are housed in the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), where the EVSE essentially works like a stationary smart inverter offering grid-support benefits and communication functions to asset operators, in addition to converting power.
- V2G-AC: In this alternating current (AC) configuration, the script is flipped and the EV contains the power conversion and smart functions. Instead of the charger, the EV acts as a mobile smart inverter.
- V2G-Split Inverter: In this configuration, power conversion is located within the EV and smart functions are housed within the EVSE, so neither the EV nor the EVSE resembles a smart inverter on its own. The report predicts that this configuration will have the least application and traction moving forward, so its implementation will be less of a focus than the prior pair.
Applicable standards
Each inverter configuration will require its own specific standards to cover it’s applicable functions and safe operations, including such as interconnection, EVSE safety, vehicle functionality, and communications.
In this space, interconnection matters fall under the IEEE 1547 series of standards and documents; EVSE safety and functionality are covered by UL standards,specifically UL 1741; EV standards and vehicle functions are addressed by SAE; and testing can be done by third parties or manufacturers. Communications represent the area of least existing standards, meaning work must be done to develop them.
The report authors recommend that, in V2G-DC scenarios, EVSE are certified to UL 1741 to ensure grid conformance. In V2G-AC scenarios, the authors recommend EVSE and EVs are certified to UL 1741 SC, which is contained in SAE J3072.
UL 1741 is widely used for grid interconnection, providing guidance for evaluating inverters with specific grid compliance requirements, and has long been the standard for inverter certification. For V2G-DC, the EVSE can be considered a stationary inverter, meaning that interconnection requirements and conformance to grid integration can be met through UL 1741 certification.
The same is not true for V2G-AC, as the inverter is in the EV, and is not stationary. UL 1741 SC has been developed to address this issue and has been adopted in SAE J3072. This standard establishes many of the same grid support inverter system function requirements, accounting for the integration into an EV and connection to a power source through the EVSE. The standard also covers some aspects of hardware communication.
In short, the authors recommend that the EV is certified to SAE J3072 and the EVSE is listed to UL 1741 SC, which is contained in SAE J3072.
While these requirements may sound like overly-technical jargon, establishing manufacturing, safety, and operations standards is critical for any industry to scale and reach its fullest potential. If each EV configuration operates in a standardized predictable way, it becomes monumentally easier for large-scale asset operators, like utilities, to harness the grid-assisting capabilities of this technology.
Making it easier for utilities to harness the benefits of V2G will present to the same utilities the value of these assets, meaning that steps will be made to increase their adoption, through means like rebates, discharge incentive programs, and expanded networks of public charging infrastructure.
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The biggest advantage of EV’s is their potential to be dual use–can’t say that for most I.C.E.’s. Great for power outages, etc. (listen up Texas).
Wish list for my next (EV) vehicle:
V2G-AC and LFP batteries–much higher battery cycle life & better fire protection than lithium ion.
Imagine car/truck/boat rentals with this ability…along with buses and utility vehicles. A huge ‘Virtual’ power plant awaits.
This would be an extremely useful article, if it were cogently written, which it is not. Please try again. Try this approach:
1. There are two ways to pull electricity from an EV: either in AC, or in DC.
2. For AC, the EV’s onboard charger will do the work, using this IEEE 1547 interconnection protocol and this UL 1741 SC safety standard.
3. For DC, the charging station will do the work, through the new SAEJ3072 standard.